public class

BigInteger

extends Number
implements Comparable<T>
java.lang.Object
   ↳ java.lang.Number
     ↳ java.math.BigInteger

Class Overview

Immutable arbitrary-precision integers. All operations behave as if BigIntegers were represented in two's-complement notation (like Java's primitive integer types). BigInteger provides analogues to all of Java's primitive integer operators, and all relevant methods from java.lang.Math. Additionally, BigInteger provides operations for modular arithmetic, GCD calculation, primality testing, prime generation, bit manipulation, and a few other miscellaneous operations.

Semantics of arithmetic operations exactly mimic those of Java's integer arithmetic operators, as defined in The Java Language Specification. For example, division by zero throws an ArithmeticException, and division of a negative by a positive yields a negative (or zero) remainder. All of the details in the Spec concerning overflow are ignored, as BigIntegers are made as large as necessary to accommodate the results of an operation.

Semantics of shift operations extend those of Java's shift operators to allow for negative shift distances. A right-shift with a negative shift distance results in a left shift, and vice-versa. The unsigned right shift operator (>>>) is omitted, as this operation makes little sense in combination with the "infinite word size" abstraction provided by this class.

Semantics of bitwise logical operations exactly mimic those of Java's bitwise integer operators. The binary operators (and, or, xor) implicitly perform sign extension on the shorter of the two operands prior to performing the operation.

Comparison operations perform signed integer comparisons, analogous to those performed by Java's relational and equality operators.

Modular arithmetic operations are provided to compute residues, perform exponentiation, and compute multiplicative inverses. These methods always return a non-negative result, between 0 and (modulus - 1), inclusive.

Bit operations operate on a single bit of the two's-complement representation of their operand. If necessary, the operand is sign- extended so that it contains the designated bit. None of the single-bit operations can produce a BigInteger with a different sign from the BigInteger being operated on, as they affect only a single bit, and the "infinite word size" abstraction provided by this class ensures that there are infinitely many "virtual sign bits" preceding each BigInteger.

For the sake of brevity and clarity, pseudo-code is used throughout the descriptions of BigInteger methods. The pseudo-code expression (i + j) is shorthand for "a BigInteger whose value is that of the BigInteger i plus that of the BigInteger j." The pseudo-code expression (i == j) is shorthand for "true if and only if the BigInteger i represents the same value as the BigInteger j." Other pseudo-code expressions are interpreted similarly.

All methods and constructors in this class throw NullPointerException when passed a null object reference for any input parameter.

See Also

Summary

Fields
public static final BigInteger ONE The BigInteger constant one.
public static final BigInteger TEN The BigInteger constant ten.
public static final BigInteger ZERO The BigInteger constant zero.
Public Constructors
BigInteger(byte[] val)
Translates a byte array containing the two's-complement binary representation of a BigInteger into a BigInteger.
BigInteger(int signum, byte[] magnitude)
Translates the sign-magnitude representation of a BigInteger into a BigInteger.
BigInteger(String val, int radix)
Translates the String representation of a BigInteger in the specified radix into a BigInteger.
BigInteger(String val)
Translates the decimal String representation of a BigInteger into a BigInteger.
BigInteger(int numBits, Random rnd)
Constructs a randomly generated BigInteger, uniformly distributed over the range 0 to (2numBits - 1), inclusive.
BigInteger(int bitLength, int certainty, Random rnd)
Constructs a randomly generated positive BigInteger that is probably prime, with the specified bitLength.
Public Methods
BigInteger abs()
Returns a BigInteger whose value is the absolute value of this BigInteger.
BigInteger add(BigInteger val)
Returns a BigInteger whose value is (this + val).
BigInteger and(BigInteger val)
Returns a BigInteger whose value is (this & val).
BigInteger andNot(BigInteger val)
Returns a BigInteger whose value is (this & ~val).
int bitCount()
Returns the number of bits in the two's complement representation of this BigInteger that differ from its sign bit.
int bitLength()
Returns the number of bits in the minimal two's-complement representation of this BigInteger, excluding a sign bit.
BigInteger clearBit(int n)
Returns a BigInteger whose value is equivalent to this BigInteger with the designated bit cleared.
int compareTo(BigInteger val)
Compares this BigInteger with the specified BigInteger.
BigInteger divide(BigInteger val)
Returns a BigInteger whose value is (this / val).
BigInteger[] divideAndRemainder(BigInteger val)
Returns an array of two BigIntegers containing (this / val) followed by (this % val).
double doubleValue()
Converts this BigInteger to a double.
boolean equals(Object x)
Compares this BigInteger with the specified Object for equality.
BigInteger flipBit(int n)
Returns a BigInteger whose value is equivalent to this BigInteger with the designated bit flipped.
float floatValue()
Converts this BigInteger to a float.
BigInteger gcd(BigInteger val)
Returns a BigInteger whose value is the greatest common divisor of abs(this) and abs(val).
int getLowestSetBit()
Returns the index of the rightmost (lowest-order) one bit in this BigInteger (the number of zero bits to the right of the rightmost one bit).
int hashCode()
Returns the hash code for this BigInteger.
int intValue()
Converts this BigInteger to an int.
boolean isProbablePrime(int certainty)
Returns true if this BigInteger is probably prime, false if it's definitely composite.
long longValue()
Converts this BigInteger to a long.
BigInteger max(BigInteger val)
Returns the maximum of this BigInteger and val.
BigInteger min(BigInteger val)
Returns the minimum of this BigInteger and val.
BigInteger mod(BigInteger m)
Returns a BigInteger whose value is (this mod m).
BigInteger modInverse(BigInteger m)
Returns a BigInteger whose value is (this-1 mod m).
BigInteger modPow(BigInteger exponent, BigInteger m)
Returns a BigInteger whose value is (thisexponent mod m).
BigInteger multiply(BigInteger val)
Returns a BigInteger whose value is (this * val).
BigInteger negate()
Returns a BigInteger whose value is (-this).
BigInteger nextProbablePrime()
Returns the first integer greater than this BigInteger that is probably prime.
BigInteger not()
Returns a BigInteger whose value is (~this).
BigInteger or(BigInteger val)
Returns a BigInteger whose value is (this | val).
BigInteger pow(int exponent)
Returns a BigInteger whose value is (thisexponent).
static BigInteger probablePrime(int bitLength, Random rnd)
Returns a positive BigInteger that is probably prime, with the specified bitLength.
BigInteger remainder(BigInteger val)
Returns a BigInteger whose value is (this % val).
BigInteger setBit(int n)
Returns a BigInteger whose value is equivalent to this BigInteger with the designated bit set.
BigInteger shiftLeft(int n)
Returns a BigInteger whose value is (this << n).
BigInteger shiftRight(int n)
Returns a BigInteger whose value is (this >> n).
int signum()
Returns the signum function of this BigInteger.
BigInteger subtract(BigInteger val)
Returns a BigInteger whose value is (this - val).
boolean testBit(int n)
Returns true if and only if the designated bit is set.
byte[] toByteArray()
Returns a byte array containing the two's-complement representation of this BigInteger.
String toString()
Returns the decimal String representation of this BigInteger.
String toString(int radix)
Returns the String representation of this BigInteger in the given radix.
static BigInteger valueOf(long val)
Returns a BigInteger whose value is equal to that of the specified long.
BigInteger xor(BigInteger val)
Returns a BigInteger whose value is (this ^ val).
[Expand]
Inherited Methods
From class java.lang.Number
From class java.lang.Object
From interface java.lang.Comparable

Fields

public static final BigInteger ONE

The BigInteger constant one.

public static final BigInteger TEN

The BigInteger constant ten.

public static final BigInteger ZERO

The BigInteger constant zero.

Public Constructors

public BigInteger (byte[] val)

Translates a byte array containing the two's-complement binary representation of a BigInteger into a BigInteger. The input array is assumed to be in big-endian byte-order: the most significant byte is in the zeroth element.

Parameters
val big-endian two's-complement binary representation of BigInteger.
Throws
NumberFormatException val is zero bytes long.

public BigInteger (int signum, byte[] magnitude)

Translates the sign-magnitude representation of a BigInteger into a BigInteger. The sign is represented as an integer signum value: -1 for negative, 0 for zero, or 1 for positive. The magnitude is a byte array in big-endian byte-order: the most significant byte is in the zeroth element. A zero-length magnitude array is permissible, and will result in a BigInteger value of 0, whether signum is -1, 0 or 1.

Parameters
signum signum of the number (-1 for negative, 0 for zero, 1 for positive).
magnitude big-endian binary representation of the magnitude of the number.
Throws
NumberFormatException signum is not one of the three legal values (-1, 0, and 1), or signum is 0 and magnitude contains one or more non-zero bytes.

public BigInteger (String val, int radix)

Translates the String representation of a BigInteger in the specified radix into a BigInteger. The String representation consists of an optional minus followed by a sequence of one or more digits in the specified radix. The character-to-digit mapping is provided by Character.digit. The String may not contain any extraneous characters (whitespace, for example).

Parameters
val String representation of BigInteger.
radix radix to be used in interpreting val.
Throws
NumberFormatException val is not a valid representation of a BigInteger in the specified radix, or radix is outside the range from MIN_RADIX to MAX_RADIX, inclusive.
See Also

public BigInteger (String val)

Translates the decimal String representation of a BigInteger into a BigInteger. The String representation consists of an optional minus sign followed by a sequence of one or more decimal digits. The character-to-digit mapping is provided by Character.digit. The String may not contain any extraneous characters (whitespace, for example).

Parameters
val decimal String representation of BigInteger.
Throws
NumberFormatException val is not a valid representation of a BigInteger.
See Also

public BigInteger (int numBits, Random rnd)

Constructs a randomly generated BigInteger, uniformly distributed over the range 0 to (2numBits - 1), inclusive. The uniformity of the distribution assumes that a fair source of random bits is provided in rnd. Note that this constructor always constructs a non-negative BigInteger.

Parameters
numBits maximum bitLength of the new BigInteger.
rnd source of randomness to be used in computing the new BigInteger.
Throws
IllegalArgumentException numBits is negative.
See Also

public BigInteger (int bitLength, int certainty, Random rnd)

Constructs a randomly generated positive BigInteger that is probably prime, with the specified bitLength.

It is recommended that the probablePrime method be used in preference to this constructor unless there is a compelling need to specify a certainty.

Parameters
bitLength bitLength of the returned BigInteger.
certainty a measure of the uncertainty that the caller is willing to tolerate. The probability that the new BigInteger represents a prime number will exceed (1 - 1/2certainty). The execution time of this constructor is proportional to the value of this parameter.
rnd source of random bits used to select candidates to be tested for primality.
Throws
ArithmeticException bitLength < 2.
See Also

Public Methods

public BigInteger abs ()

Returns a BigInteger whose value is the absolute value of this BigInteger.

Returns
  • abs(this)

public BigInteger add (BigInteger val)

Returns a BigInteger whose value is (this + val).

Parameters
val value to be added to this BigInteger.
Returns
  • this + val

public BigInteger and (BigInteger val)

Returns a BigInteger whose value is (this & val). (This method returns a negative BigInteger if and only if this and val are both negative.)

Parameters
val value to be AND'ed with this BigInteger.
Returns
  • this & val

public BigInteger andNot (BigInteger val)

Returns a BigInteger whose value is (this & ~val). This method, which is equivalent to and(val.not()), is provided as a convenience for masking operations. (This method returns a negative BigInteger if and only if this is negative and val is positive.)

Parameters
val value to be complemented and AND'ed with this BigInteger.
Returns
  • this & ~val

public int bitCount ()

Returns the number of bits in the two's complement representation of this BigInteger that differ from its sign bit. This method is useful when implementing bit-vector style sets atop BigIntegers.

Returns
  • number of bits in the two's complement representation of this BigInteger that differ from its sign bit.

public int bitLength ()

Returns the number of bits in the minimal two's-complement representation of this BigInteger, excluding a sign bit. For positive BigIntegers, this is equivalent to the number of bits in the ordinary binary representation. (Computes (ceil(log2(this < 0 ? -this : this+1))).)

Returns
  • number of bits in the minimal two's-complement representation of this BigInteger, excluding a sign bit.

public BigInteger clearBit (int n)

Returns a BigInteger whose value is equivalent to this BigInteger with the designated bit cleared. (Computes (this & ~(1<<n)).)

Parameters
n index of bit to clear.
Returns
  • this & ~(1<<n)
Throws
ArithmeticException n is negative.

public int compareTo (BigInteger val)

Compares this BigInteger with the specified BigInteger. This method is provided in preference to individual methods for each of the six boolean comparison operators (<, ==, >, >=, !=, <=). The suggested idiom for performing these comparisons is: (x.compareTo(y) <op> 0), where <op> is one of the six comparison operators.

Parameters
val BigInteger to which this BigInteger is to be compared.
Returns
  • -1, 0 or 1 as this BigInteger is numerically less than, equal to, or greater than val.

public BigInteger divide (BigInteger val)

Returns a BigInteger whose value is (this / val).

Parameters
val value by which this BigInteger is to be divided.
Returns
  • this / val
Throws
ArithmeticException val==0

public BigInteger[] divideAndRemainder (BigInteger val)

Returns an array of two BigIntegers containing (this / val) followed by (this % val).

Parameters
val value by which this BigInteger is to be divided, and the remainder computed.
Returns
  • an array of two BigIntegers: the quotient (this / val) is the initial element, and the remainder (this % val) is the final element.
Throws
ArithmeticException val==0

public double doubleValue ()

Converts this BigInteger to a double. This conversion is similar to the narrowing primitive conversion from double to float defined in the Java Language Specification: if this BigInteger has too great a magnitude to represent as a double, it will be converted to NEGATIVE_INFINITY or POSITIVE_INFINITY as appropriate. Note that even when the return value is finite, this conversion can lose information about the precision of the BigInteger value.

Returns
  • this BigInteger converted to a double.

public boolean equals (Object x)

Compares this BigInteger with the specified Object for equality.

Parameters
x Object to which this BigInteger is to be compared.
Returns
  • true if and only if the specified Object is a BigInteger whose value is numerically equal to this BigInteger.

public BigInteger flipBit (int n)

Returns a BigInteger whose value is equivalent to this BigInteger with the designated bit flipped. (Computes (this ^ (1<<n)).)

Parameters
n index of bit to flip.
Returns
  • this ^ (1<<n)
Throws
ArithmeticException n is negative.

public float floatValue ()

Converts this BigInteger to a float. This conversion is similar to the narrowing primitive conversion from double to float defined in the Java Language Specification: if this BigInteger has too great a magnitude to represent as a float, it will be converted to NEGATIVE_INFINITY or POSITIVE_INFINITY as appropriate. Note that even when the return value is finite, this conversion can lose information about the precision of the BigInteger value.

Returns
  • this BigInteger converted to a float.

public BigInteger gcd (BigInteger val)

Returns a BigInteger whose value is the greatest common divisor of abs(this) and abs(val). Returns 0 if this==0 && val==0.

Parameters
val value with which the GCD is to be computed.
Returns
  • GCD(abs(this), abs(val))

public int getLowestSetBit ()

Returns the index of the rightmost (lowest-order) one bit in this BigInteger (the number of zero bits to the right of the rightmost one bit). Returns -1 if this BigInteger contains no one bits. (Computes (this==0? -1 : log2(this & -this)).)

Returns
  • index of the rightmost one bit in this BigInteger.

public int hashCode ()

Returns the hash code for this BigInteger.

Returns
  • hash code for this BigInteger.

public int intValue ()

Converts this BigInteger to an int. This conversion is analogous to a narrowing primitive conversion from long to int as defined in the Java Language Specification: if this BigInteger is too big to fit in an int, only the low-order 32 bits are returned. Note that this conversion can lose information about the overall magnitude of the BigInteger value as well as return a result with the opposite sign.

Returns
  • this BigInteger converted to an int.

public boolean isProbablePrime (int certainty)

Returns true if this BigInteger is probably prime, false if it's definitely composite. If certainty is <= 0, true is returned.

Parameters
certainty a measure of the uncertainty that the caller is willing to tolerate: if the call returns true the probability that this BigInteger is prime exceeds (1 - 1/2certainty). The execution time of this method is proportional to the value of this parameter.
Returns
  • true if this BigInteger is probably prime, false if it's definitely composite.

public long longValue ()

Converts this BigInteger to a long. This conversion is analogous to a narrowing primitive conversion from long to int as defined in the Java Language Specification: if this BigInteger is too big to fit in a long, only the low-order 64 bits are returned. Note that this conversion can lose information about the overall magnitude of the BigInteger value as well as return a result with the opposite sign.

Returns
  • this BigInteger converted to a long.

public BigInteger max (BigInteger val)

Returns the maximum of this BigInteger and val.

Parameters
val value with which the maximum is to be computed.
Returns
  • the BigInteger whose value is the greater of this and val. If they are equal, either may be returned.

public BigInteger min (BigInteger val)

Returns the minimum of this BigInteger and val.

Parameters
val value with which the minimum is to be computed.
Returns
  • the BigInteger whose value is the lesser of this BigInteger and val. If they are equal, either may be returned.

public BigInteger mod (BigInteger m)

Returns a BigInteger whose value is (this mod m). This method differs from remainder in that it always returns a non-negative BigInteger.

Parameters
m the modulus.
Returns
  • this mod m
Throws
ArithmeticException m <= 0
See Also

public BigInteger modInverse (BigInteger m)

Returns a BigInteger whose value is (this-1 mod m).

Parameters
m the modulus.
Returns
  • this-1 mod m.
Throws
ArithmeticException m <= 0, or this BigInteger has no multiplicative inverse mod m (that is, this BigInteger is not relatively prime to m).

public BigInteger modPow (BigInteger exponent, BigInteger m)

Returns a BigInteger whose value is (thisexponent mod m). (Unlike pow, this method permits negative exponents.)

Parameters
exponent the exponent.
m the modulus.
Returns
  • thisexponent mod m
Throws
ArithmeticException m <= 0
See Also

public BigInteger multiply (BigInteger val)

Returns a BigInteger whose value is (this * val).

Parameters
val value to be multiplied by this BigInteger.
Returns
  • this * val

public BigInteger negate ()

Returns a BigInteger whose value is (-this).

Returns
  • -this

public BigInteger nextProbablePrime ()

Returns the first integer greater than this BigInteger that is probably prime. The probability that the number returned by this method is composite does not exceed 2-100. This method will never skip over a prime when searching: if it returns p, there is no prime q such that this < q < p.

Returns
  • the first integer greater than this BigInteger that is probably prime.
Throws
ArithmeticException this < 0.

public BigInteger not ()

Returns a BigInteger whose value is (~this). (This method returns a negative value if and only if this BigInteger is non-negative.)

Returns
  • ~this

public BigInteger or (BigInteger val)

Returns a BigInteger whose value is (this | val). (This method returns a negative BigInteger if and only if either this or val is negative.)

Parameters
val value to be OR'ed with this BigInteger.
Returns
  • this | val

public BigInteger pow (int exponent)

Returns a BigInteger whose value is (thisexponent). Note that exponent is an integer rather than a BigInteger.

Parameters
exponent exponent to which this BigInteger is to be raised.
Returns
  • thisexponent
Throws
ArithmeticException exponent is negative. (This would cause the operation to yield a non-integer value.)

public static BigInteger probablePrime (int bitLength, Random rnd)

Returns a positive BigInteger that is probably prime, with the specified bitLength. The probability that a BigInteger returned by this method is composite does not exceed 2-100.

Parameters
bitLength bitLength of the returned BigInteger.
rnd source of random bits used to select candidates to be tested for primality.
Returns
  • a BigInteger of bitLength bits that is probably prime
Throws
ArithmeticException bitLength < 2.
See Also

public BigInteger remainder (BigInteger val)

Returns a BigInteger whose value is (this % val).

Parameters
val value by which this BigInteger is to be divided, and the remainder computed.
Returns
  • this % val
Throws
ArithmeticException val==0

public BigInteger setBit (int n)

Returns a BigInteger whose value is equivalent to this BigInteger with the designated bit set. (Computes (this | (1<<n)).)

Parameters
n index of bit to set.
Returns
  • this | (1<<n)
Throws
ArithmeticException n is negative.

public BigInteger shiftLeft (int n)

Returns a BigInteger whose value is (this << n). The shift distance, n, may be negative, in which case this method performs a right shift. (Computes floor(this * 2n).)

Parameters
n shift distance, in bits.
Returns
  • this << n
See Also

public BigInteger shiftRight (int n)

Returns a BigInteger whose value is (this >> n). Sign extension is performed. The shift distance, n, may be negative, in which case this method performs a left shift. (Computes floor(this / 2n).)

Parameters
n shift distance, in bits.
Returns
  • this >> n
See Also

public int signum ()

Returns the signum function of this BigInteger.

Returns
  • -1, 0 or 1 as the value of this BigInteger is negative, zero or positive.

public BigInteger subtract (BigInteger val)

Returns a BigInteger whose value is (this - val).

Parameters
val value to be subtracted from this BigInteger.
Returns
  • this - val

public boolean testBit (int n)

Returns true if and only if the designated bit is set. (Computes ((this & (1<<n)) != 0).)

Parameters
n index of bit to test.
Returns
  • true if and only if the designated bit is set.
Throws
ArithmeticException n is negative.

public byte[] toByteArray ()

Returns a byte array containing the two's-complement representation of this BigInteger. The byte array will be in big-endian byte-order: the most significant byte is in the zeroth element. The array will contain the minimum number of bytes required to represent this BigInteger, including at least one sign bit, which is (ceil((this.bitLength() + 1)/8)). (This representation is compatible with the (byte[]) constructor.)

Returns
  • a byte array containing the two's-complement representation of this BigInteger.
See Also

public String toString ()

Returns the decimal String representation of this BigInteger. The digit-to-character mapping provided by Character.forDigit is used, and a minus sign is prepended if appropriate. (This representation is compatible with the (String) constructor, and allows for String concatenation with Java's + operator.)

Returns
  • decimal String representation of this BigInteger.
See Also

public String toString (int radix)

Returns the String representation of this BigInteger in the given radix. If the radix is outside the range from MIN_RADIX to MAX_RADIX inclusive, it will default to 10 (as is the case for Integer.toString). The digit-to-character mapping provided by Character.forDigit is used, and a minus sign is prepended if appropriate. (This representation is compatible with the (String, int) constructor.)

Parameters
radix radix of the String representation.
Returns
  • String representation of this BigInteger in the given radix.
See Also

public static BigInteger valueOf (long val)

Returns a BigInteger whose value is equal to that of the specified long. This "static factory method" is provided in preference to a (long) constructor because it allows for reuse of frequently used BigIntegers.

Parameters
val value of the BigInteger to return.
Returns
  • a BigInteger with the specified value.

public BigInteger xor (BigInteger val)

Returns a BigInteger whose value is (this ^ val). (This method returns a negative BigInteger if and only if exactly one of this and val are negative.)

Parameters
val value to be XOR'ed with this BigInteger.
Returns
  • this ^ val